📘 Biology Notes – Class XII

📘 BIOLOGY NOTES – CLASS XII
Unit I to Unit VII

UNIT I: REPRODUCTION

  • Reproduction types: Asexual (binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation); Sexual (fusion of gametes).
  • Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Flower structure, pollination types, double fertilization, seed development & dispersal.
  • Human Reproduction: Male & female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization & implantation.
  • Reproductive Health: Birth control methods, ART (IVF, ZIFT, ICSI, GIFT).

UNIT II: GENETICS & EVOLUTION

  • Mendelian Genetics: Laws, monohybrid & dihybrid crosses.
  • Chromosomal Basis: Linkage, recombination, sex determination, genetic disorders.
  • Molecular Basis: DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, genetic code.
  • Evolution: Oparin–Haldane hypothesis, Darwin’s theory, evidences.

UNIT III: BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

  • Human Health & Disease: Pathogens, immunity, vaccines.
  • Food Production: Plant breeding, animal husbandry, fisheries, tissue culture.
  • Microbes: In household, industry, sewage treatment, biogas.

UNIT IV: BIOTECHNOLOGY

  • Principles: Tools (enzymes, vectors), techniques (PCR, gel electrophoresis, cloning).
  • Applications: Agriculture (Bt cotton), medicine (insulin, gene therapy), industry, forensics (DNA fingerprinting).

UNIT V: ECOLOGY

  • Organisms & Populations: Population attributes, adaptations.
  • Ecosystem: Energy flow, ecological pyramids, nutrient cycles.
  • Biodiversity & Conservation: Levels, causes, conservation methods.
  • Environmental Issues: Pollution, waste management, global warming, ozone depletion.

UNIT VI: NEURAL CONTROL & COORDINATION

  • Nervous system: CNS, PNS, ANS.
  • Neuron: Structure, impulse conduction, synapse.
  • Reflex action: Reflex arc.
  • Sense organs: Eye (structure & defects), ear (hearing & balance).

UNIT VII: HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASE

  • Common diseases: Bacterial, viral, protozoan, helminthic.
  • Immunology: Innate vs acquired, humoral vs cell-mediated, vaccines.
  • Immune Disorders: Allergy, autoimmune diseases, AIDS.
  • Cancer: Causes, uncontrolled division, treatment.
  • Drug & Alcohol abuse: Health effects, prevention, rehabilitation.